Lithium based power sources like Li ion batteries from Li Time, Bioenno Power and Chins along with portable power stations from companies like Jackery, EBL and Bluetti are quickly replacing lead acid batteries when it comes to powering astronomy setups away from AC power.  Lithium batteries offer several important advantages over traditional lead acid batteries.  First, they have much higher energy densities making them half the weight of a similar capacity lead acid battery.  Second, while lead acid batteries should not be discharged more than 50-60% of their rated capacities to avoid damage including loss of capacity and ultimately complete failure, lithium batteries can safely be fully discharged without damage  (more on this later).  Third, while the voltage of a lead acid battery falls off steeply with depth of discharge, reaching ~12.05V  at 50% DOD, lithium batteries have a much flatter voltage vs SOC curve dropping below 12.0V at ~95% DOD.  Fourth, lithium batteries have a low self discharge rate of 2-3% per month which means they only need to be recharged once every 3-6 months when in storage.  Also, Lithium batteries do not suffer from the memory effect of other battery chemistries so it is not necessary to fully recharge them after use.  Finally, lithium batteries will supply more of their rated capacity in cold temperatures compared to lead acid batteries with some estimates indicating as much as 2X the capacity compared to lead acid below 32F.
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However, with this new source of energy comes a lot of confusion and downright wrong information on the astronomy forums.  To correct this misinformation I decided it was time to provide a review of the basics of lithium battery technology and to correct the most common misconceptions that I see posted on these forums.  Over the last three years I have immersed myself in lithium technology by both doing a literature search on the subject and by talking directly with multiple suppliers of lithium batteries and power stations to gain a fuller understanding of the technology and manufacturing methods.  I visited the Battleborn factory technical team and toured the factory floor to see and hear how they design, test and assemble their batteries.  Most importantly, working with multiple suppliers I have conducted my own testing of LiFePO4 batteries from 6 different vendors to collect data for myself to compare to manufacturer's specifications and to test out some common misconceptions.  This Blog is a summary of the entirety of my efforts in this regard.

Lithium Batteries vs Power Stations
When it comes to Li ion power there are two very different options.  The first is a stand alone Li battery which is designed and packaged to replace a lead acid battery.  As such, it looks identical to a lead acid battery with the lithium cells enclosed in an ABS case similar in size to an equivalent capacity lead acid battery.  It has a positive and negative terminal just like a lead acid battery.   As described above, the Li battery also has a BMS to provide for safe operation and long life of the battery.  Stand alone batteries use  LiFePO4 and come in many different capacities from a few Ahs to hundreds of Ahs.

The second Li power option is a Li ion power station.  A power station not only provides 12V dc power, but also has an internal pure sine wave inverter to provide AC power via one or more outlets.  It also has multiple powered USB ports to charge phones, tablets and even laptops.  All portable power stations that I have seen come with a cigarette output port with a maximum current of 10A.  Some come with additional dc power ports with a variety of connector types (5.5 x 2.1mm, 5.5 x 2.5mm, 6.5 x 4.1mm, etc.) usually rated 3A - 7AA.  Power stations come with an AC charger to recharge the device from a wall outlet.  They also have an internal solar charge controller which accepts input from one or more solar panels (not typically included) to recharge the power station via the sun.  Power stations include an internal meter and display to show the state of charge (SOC) and power during discharge and recharge operations.  Power stations also have an internal BMS which performs the same functions as in the LiFePO4 battery.  Like the stand alone LiFePO4 battery discussed above, power stations come in a variety of capacities typically stated in Wh from ~200 to over 2k Wh.  Most power stations use LiNiMnCoO2 cells due to their higher energy density which helps keep the weight down since power stations are meant to be portable devices.  There are however, several power stations which use LiFePO4 cells.  With LINiMnCoO2, the dc output is regulated since, as discussed above, the cell voltages do not add up to 12.8V like they do with LiFePO4. 

Lithium Ion Cycle Life and Calendar Life
One of the biggest myths of Li ion batteries is the one which says you cannot discharge a Li ion battery more than 80% or 90% without damaging it.  This is patently false.  Li ion batteries and power stations are designed to be fully discharged.  That means you have access to 100% of the rated capacity without risk of damaging the individual cells inside and without degrading the rated number of discharge cycles of the battery or power station.  For instance, if you check the web sites for Battleborn, Ampere Time (re-branded as Li Time), Chins or Lithionics you will see that they all specify their cycle life in terms of 100% depth of discharge (DOD).  Battleborn specifies 3-5K cycles, Ampere Time 4K + cycles, Chins 2K+, and Lithionics 2K cycles.  And, after that the battery will still retain 75 - 80% of its original capacity.  In the power station category Jackery with LiNiMnCoO2 cells specifies >500 full discharge cycles after which one can expect 80% of the original capacity.  In contrast, as most people know, a lead acid battery should not be discharged below 40% of its capacity otherwise sulfates will form on the plates reducing capacity and eventually shorting out the cells.  In contrast, the BMS inside Li ion batteries monitors the individual cell voltages inside to make sure that no cell's voltage drops below the minimum value shown in the table above, typically 2.5V.  When any cell reaches the minimum the BMS shuts the battery down to prevent cell damage.  So the battery is designed to provide its full rated capacity without any cell's voltage dropping below this safe minimum voltage.  Now it is true that you can extend the cycle life by not fully discharging a Li ion battery.  For instance, discharging a Li ion battery to only 50% DOD can improve the cycle life by almost a factor of 3.  But then you would need to purchase and handle two batteries instead of one to provide the power you need for your equipment.​  A good compromise might be to size the battery you purchase such that you only need to discharge it by 80% - 90% just to be on the conservative side.

Calendar life of a battery refers to how long it will last if stored under ideal conditions of state of charge, temperature and humidity.  This is independent from cycle life.  Typical calendar lifetimes are quoted as 10 years, although Li ion batteries have not been around long enough for a significant amount of data to be collected to confirm this estimate.  By contrast, the calendar life of a lead acid battery is usually quoted as 4 -6 years.  The main mechanism for calendar aging is the growth of passivation layers at the interfaces between the electrolyte and the cathode and anode.  This growth depletes the amount of available cyclable lithium.  Both high temperatures and high SOC can accelerate calendar life degradation.

Operating Temperatures
All battery types have specific temperature ranges of operation and Li is no different.  Typically, lithium batteries can be discharged safely down to -4F (-20C) and up to 120F (49C) to 140F (60C) depending upon the manufacturer's spec.  Charging of lithium ion batteries is only permissible at temperatures above 32F (0C) unless the battery has an internal heater and temperature sensor which will allow charging below an ambient temperature of 32F but not below an internal temperature of 32F.   Charging a Li ion battery bellow 32F will cause damage to the internal cells by causing some of the Li ions to plate as Li metal on the anode surface rather than intercalating between the carbon planes in the graphite anode.  This happens because there is not enough thermal energy to drive the Li ions into the graphite structure.  This reduces the capacity of the battery and if done too often can lead to the formation of Li metal dendrites which short across the separator to the cathode causing catastrophic failure of the battery.   Li ion batteries also have a maximum temperature at which they can be charged which ranges from 113F (45C) to 131F (55C) depending upon the manufacturer's spec.  The battery itself produces heat during discharge which combined with a high ambient temperature can cause swelling of the cell and venting.  A battery with an internal temperature sensor connected to the BMS will prevent charging and discharging out of the battery's specified temperature range.

It is also possible to damage a Li ion battery by trying to charge it too fast with too high of a current.  Manufacturer's spec the charging current between 0.2 and 0.5C meaning, 20A or 50A for a 100Ah battery (10 to 25A for a 50Ah battery, etc.).  Once again the reason has to do with the mobility of the Li ions.  If they arrive at the anode too quickly, i.e. at too high a charging current, they can begin to pile up at the surface of the anode instead of diffusing into the graphite lattice.  Check the manufacturer's specification for temperatures of operation and charging and discharging maximum currents.

Another common misconception about Li ion batteries is that they perform poorly at cold temperatures.  The fact is that all battery chemistries including lead acid have less capacity at temperatures below freezing.  This is simply the result of the fact that batteries work by the process of diffusion from one electrode to the other.  Diffusion rates are a function of temperature with rates decreasing significantly at low temperatures.  However, as indicated above, Li ion batteries retain more of their capacity at low temperatures than lead acid batteries, hence they actually perform better at low temperatures with the caveat that they cannot be charged below freezing.

Charging & Storing a Li Battery
Many people make the mistake of trying to use a lead acid battery charger to re-charge a Li battery.  The problem with this is that a lead acid battery charger will stop charging a Li battery before it reaches the required 14.4 to 14.8V required to fully charge the cells inside.  This results in charging the battery to only 70 - 80% of its capacity.  Not only that, but the typical BMS will not perform the important function of cell balancing until the top end voltage is reached.  Over time, this will degrade the overall capacity of the battery even if you later use a charger capable of charging to 14.4V.

Another source of confusion when charging a Li battery can result when the battery is fully discharged (SOC at 0%) to the point that the BMS shuts down the output.  If you put a volt meter on the battery after the BMS has shut it down you will measure a voltage of 0V.  Many battery chargers, including some with a Li battery setting, will not charge the battery if they see 0V.  Make sure that the charger is one which specifies 0V charging like this one from Li Time or similar.  A trick to get a non 0V charger to work (still needs to have a Li setting) is to connect any 12V battery or jump starter to the Li battery momentarily to "wake up" the BMS.  It only takes a momentary contact making sure to connect the positives to each other and the negatives to each other just like jump starting a car battery.

It is always important to keep a Li ion battery from getting too hot and for we astronomers that means keeping out of direct sunlight on the viewing field.  This is especially true when charging the battery as internal heat is produced when charging (also when discharging) a Li battery due to its internal resistance.  The added thermal burden of high ambient temperatures and direct sunlight can raise the internal battery temperature and result in cell damage.  I always tuck my battery or power station in the shield behind my solar panels to keep it cooler.

If a Li battery needs to be stored for an extended period most manufacturer's suggest storing it at a 50% SOC although at least one company, Battleborn, says to store it at a 100% SOC.  Based upon the fact that published literature show that a high SOC is more stressful to a Li battery it is probably best to follow the lower SOC suggestion of 50%.  Because Li batteries have a low self-discharge rate of 2-3% per month they only need to be recharged every 3 - 6 months.  To make sure that the BMS balances the internal cells you would need to recharge it to 100% SOC and then discharge it to the whatever SOC you plan to store it at, say 50%.

Li Battery Safety
While lead acid batteries can cause fires and explode if not properly handled, lithium batteries have received a lot more media attention for dramatic failures in recent years.  The term "venting with flame" was coined to describe thermal runaway events where the can containing the cell components breaks and fire escapes.  Despite all the media attention, lithium batteries are quite safe when handled and operated properly.  The Occupational Health and Safety Administration points out that lithium batteries are "generally safe and unlikely to fail, but only so long are there are no defects and the batteries are operated safely."

Lithium batteries fail for one of several reasons.  Manufacturing defects like the presence of tiny metal particles in Sony batteries in the 90s can cause an internal short and resulting failure.  Manufacturing processes have improved greatly since then, but it is probably a good idea to purchase a lithium battery from a supplier who has been around for a while and has a good reputation as one would expect them to source high quality components and use proper assembly and testing procedures.

Like lead acid batteries, lithium batteries can fail when damaged from falls, punctures or excessive vibrations.  They can also fail from improper use such as charging below the low temperature cut-off, charging with too high of a current, a short circuit or excessive temperatures.  The internal BMS is a major safety feature to help insure safe operation.  But it can only prevent operation outside the specified temperature limits if it has one or more internal temperature sensors which not all lithium batteries have.  In summary, if handled and operated properly a quality lithium battery should not be any more dangerous than a lead acid battery.

Many of the Li ion battery failures are from devices like cells phones, tablets and laptops which use LiCoO2 as the cathode material because it has one of the highest energy densities.  However, it also has the lowest thermal runaway temperature as well.  One should not draw generalized conclusions about the safety of LiFePO4 and LiNiMnCoO2 batteries and power stations from failures in devices using LiCoO2.

Lithium vs Lead Acid Battery Cost Comparison
Another popular misconception is that Li ion batteries cost more, even much more, than lead acid batteries.  The fact is the total cost of a lithium battery is much less the cost of an AGM battery.  A check on Amazon shows  100Ah AGM deep cycle batteries selling for $165 to $204 while name brand LiFePO4 batteries from Chins and Li Time sell for $320 and $350, respectively.  Knowing that lead acid batteries should not be discharged more than 60% while LiFePO4 batteries can be safely discharged 100% one would need 1.7 100Ah AGM batteries to supply the equivalent energy as a single LiFePO4 battery.  So the actual up front cost comparison is $3.20  to $3.50 per Ah for LiFePO4 versus $2.75 to $3.40per Ah for AGM.  Now we must take into account the useable life of each battery type.  For LiFePO4 the most conservative estimate is 2,000 full discharge cycles while the most optimistic estimate for an AGM is 750 cycles.  Taking this into account the total cost per Ah over the full cycle life is less than 0.2 cents for LiFePO4 and 0.4 cents for an AGM battery.  So a LiFePO4 battery costs less than half that of an AGM battery over the full expected cycle life of the battery.

Another way to look at this is the calendar life of the battery.  As we mentioned above, the calendar life of a LiFePO4 battery is 10 years while that of an AGM battery is ~5 years, nearly half as long.  So, no matter how you compare the two, a LiFePO4 battery is a better value than a lead acid AGM battery these days.
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Now the cost comparison is different when we talk about Li power stations like those from Jackery and EBL.  The EBL 1000Wh power station sells for $490, is expected to provide 500 full discharge cycles and provides 83Ah per cycle.  The total cost comes to 1.2 cents per Ah.  Power stations are more expensive options compared to stand alone LiFePO4 batteries because they provide many more features besides dc power including pure sine wave inverted AC power, multiple USB power ports, an internal solar charge controller, internal meter and display, etc.

Summary and Conclusions
As we have seen, Li ion batteries have many advantages over lead acid batteries which is why they are fast becoming the batteries of choice for amateur astronomers.  A 100Ah LiFePO4 battery with a capacity of 1280Wh can be expected to provide power to an astrophotography or Electronically Assisted Astronomy setup requiring 64W of power (5Ah) for a total of ~20hrs before needing to be recharged.  They are in fact cheaper than lead acid and perform better than lead acid at all temperatures.  When handled and operated correctly Li ion batteries are safe.  To achieve the maximum useable life and capacity, as well as, prevent damage to the battery or even a catastrophic failure, always follow the manufacturer's recommended specifications and operating instructions.

Links are affiliate links which help to support this web site at no cost to you.  If you purchase a lithium battery or portable power station as a result of reading this Blog I ask that you please use my links for your purchase.

Get 3% Off any LiFePO4 battery from Li Time using coupon code CURTISM and the Li Time link below

LiFePO4 Batteries
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Genuine RiG Runners

Last February I reviewed my Pegasus Power Box Advanced (PPBA) power distribution and USB hub which I have been using for more than two years  www.californiaskys.com/blog/archives/02-2022.  While I like the PPBA and will continue using it, there are cheaper and simpler options available for those who only want a simple device.  I am speaking of the RigRunner which is widely used in the Ham Radio hobby as a power hub.  The RigRunner is made right here in the USA by West Mountain Radio in Waukesha, WI.  www.westmountainradio.com/rigrunner.php.  They make 10 different power distribution hub models with prices ranging from $75 to $180 which is much less than the cost of the cheapest Pegasus Power Box.  

While the PPBA has a lot of features including the ability to turn power ports On/Off, an environmental sensor which can automatically turn on and adjust the power level of my dew heater, an internal meter which records voltage, current and power and a software application which allows one to see all of this and control it from a computer, I seldom use any of these features on mine.  If you are like me and, if you already have or do not need a USB hub, one of the RigRunner power hubs may be a better choice for you.

igRunners are made of 0.062 gauge aluminum case with a powder coating paint and silk screened labels. A simple circuit board made with 3oz copper, double sided plated through holes and a solder mask over bare copper wire is inside.  Models are available with 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 outlets to power a variety of devices.  Each output comes individually fused.  The user has the option to easily change the fuse value since simple ATC/ATO automotive fuses are used and fuses are accessible from the front panel.  The DC input is also fused and is user adjustable.  Genuine Anderson Power Pole connectors are used for both the power input and outputs.  Power Poles allow for secure connections and prevent connecting a device with reversed polarity.  Models are available with the outputs configured horizontal to the base of the RigRunner or vertical to meet different user installations.  All models are 1.4" in height by 3.0" in depth while the length varies from 4.7" for the 4 outlet model up to 11.75" for the 12 outlet models.

Models are rated at 40A total current, except the 8012 model which is rated at 80A.  Any output can provide up to the maximum current as well, but the total cannot exceed 40A, or 80A for model 8012.

In addition to different numbers of outputs, 3 models include 1 or 2 USB charging ports with a maximum of 2A per port.  The 4007U model includes several additional features such as:

• A solid state On/Off button
• A 3 x 7 segment display showing the supply voltage and load current
• Automatic shutoff with an audible alarm in case of high or low voltage
• A 2A USB charging port
• Remote wired On/Off and lock out capability

Other Power Distribution Hubs

Powerwerx sells 4 position and an 8 position simple power distribution hubs where any one position is used for the input.  These are made of sturdy ABS plastic with a sealed internal copper bus bar and are rated to 45A total current for all positions total or any single position.  They are also made in the USA and also use genuine Anderson Power Pole connectors.  The 4 position hub sells for $37 while the 8 position sells for $50.  Both hubs are 1.3" high by 0.97" deep.  The 4 position model is 2.33" wide while the 8 position model is 3.75" wide.

There are a number of Chinese companies that sell power hubs which appear to be clones of the RigRunner.  Examples are the HCDC 8 output model which sells for $72 and the Chunzehui 8 output model for $75.  Designs and features appear to be near clones of the RigRunners but they do not use genuine Anderson Power Poles.  Instead they use Power Poles which are also Chinese clones of the original.  That being said, these appear to be well made and have mostly good reviews.

Summary
In summary, if you do not need a combined power and USB hub, and just want simplicity of design and use, something like the RigRunner should be a good option for you.

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After posting reviews of the Jackery 1000 and the Bluetti AC50S power stations I thought I was done with the world of all-in-one power solutions for the field.  But, this past summer I was contacted by EBL and asked if I would be willing to review one of their portable power stations, the Voyager 1000.  I must admit that I had never heard of EBL so I did some homework and found that they have been around since the 90's as a supplier of all kinds of batteries (AA, AAA, C, D, 9V, alkaline, Ni-Cd, Li, etc.) as well as battery chargers.  Apparently they decided to participate in the recent trend in the market and have come out with two portable power stations of their own, a 1000Wh and a 300Wh model, along with a 100W solar panel.  A quick check over the specs and features of their Voyager power station had me intrigued, but the phenomenal price, ($499.99) is what made me decide to accept their offer and conduct my own review.  More on that later.

I received their Voyager 1000 power station along with two 100W solar panels near the end of July.  I followed the same procedure as I have for all my other reviews of batteries and power stations which is to first conduct bench tests to verify the capacity and re-charge times followed by several months of testing in my home observatory and finishing with a field test at a star party.  So let's begin.

Basic Features of the EBL Voyager 1000
The first thing I noticed is the solid construction of the power station.  The Voyager is made of ABS plastic and has rubber bumpers on all four corners to protect it from damage from the inevitable occasional collision with an obstruction when loading and unloading for travel.  For additional cushioning It also has four rubber feet on its bottom along with the complete list of product specs.  With dimensions of 15.67" x 10.31" x 10.79" and a convenient sturdy handle the Voyager packs a lot of energy at 1000Wh into a small and highly portable package.  I very much like the fact that the handle folds down flat unlike another major supplier of power stations so that you can stack other things on top when packing for a trip.  All of the controls and ports are located on the front of the Voyager for ease of use.  At just 18.7lbs the Voyager is almost 7lbs lighter than its competitor, the Jackery 1000.

The Voyager 1000 is rated to supply 999Wh of power in any combination of DC, AC and USB power.  As is common with portable power stations, it has a standard cigarette lighter socket for DC connections, but it also has two 5.5mm x 2.1mm DC ports as well.  All are rated at 8A each (8A max all three combined) and 12V.  The 5.5mm x 2.1mm ports are very convenient for us amateur astronomers since this is the industry standard electrical connection on most astronomy equipment.  I had no trouble with my cigarette plug coming loose from the cigarette lighter socket during months of testing, but it is nice to have the option of the other DC power ports.  For AC power a pure sine wave inverter capable of 1000W steady state (2000W Max) is built in with two AC ports.  This is convenient if one needs to use AC power for their laptop or prefers to power their mount with an AC adapter.  My wife used this to power her laptop on a recent boondocking trip in our RV. There are plenty of USB ports to re-charge phones, tablets and even laptops.  The Voyager has 3X 3.0 Quick Charge USB A ports capable of 18W of power and a Power Delivery (PD) port with 60W of output.  I used these to recharge my phone during my 4 days of field testing.  And, there is a 10W wireless charger on the top of the power station.

As is typical the EBL power station has an MPPT solar charge controller built in to accept power from one or more solar panels.  I like the fact that this one has both an 8mm input and a Power Pole input to provide extra capability for different connectors you might find on solar panels and AC chargers.  The Voyager comes with a 150W AC charger and a car adapter cable to charge the unit from the car's cigarette power port.  The maximum charging power input is 150W so that two 100W solar panels is probably the maximum you would want to use since any power beyond 150W will not be used by the Voyager.  Pass through charging is a nice feature common to most power stations which means that you can use any of the power ports while the unit is being recharged either with solar or the AC power adapter.

You will find a master power button and individual power buttons each for DC, AC and USB power on the front of the unit.  There is also a small LCD display which shows the percentage state of charge (SOC) in increments of 1%, along with the instantaneous power being consumed and/or the power being charged.  This is helpful to keep track of the time remaining to power your devices.  The Voyager also has a flashlight feature on its front which provides a nice bright light as needed, which is not typically something we use at star parties but will be helpful on camping trips.

Like all Li power solutions the Voyager has an internal BMS which protects the internal cells from being over discharged, over charged or shorted.  The BMS will shut the output down when 100% of the useable capacity has been depleted.   EBL uses LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC) cells just like most of the other portable power stations because of its high power to weight ratio.  EBL warrants their Voyager for 12 months and, although they do not specify the number of full discharge cycles to expect, this is typically 500 for NMC.  Operating temperatures are similar to other power stations with a discharge temperature range of 14 to 113 deg F (-10 to 45 deg C) and a re-charge temperature range of 32 to 104 deg F (0 to 40 deg C).

Bench Test Results
As with my other power supply reviews the very first test is a bench level test to check the actual capacity versus the manufacturer's spec.  Usually these are quite close with the actual power available being within 90% of the spec. with the internal BMS accounting for some of the difference between spec and actual power measured.  After charging the Voyager to 100% SOC  I attached the DC output to a load tester and set the discharge current to the maximum of 8A.  Typical for an NMC power station, the output voltage is regulated.  With no load the output voltage was 12.9V.  With an 8A load (or a 5A load) the output voltage was maintained at 12.4V for the duration of the test.  I repeated this test 3X to check for consistency and found that the average capacity was 912Wh (909, 921, 920, 898) or 73.3Ah (72.9, 73.8, 73.9, 72.7 ).  As you can see the repeatability is excellent and the overall capacity is ~92% of the manufacturer's spec which is typical of these solar power stations.  For comparison I measured a total capacity of 908Wh for my Jackery 1000 power station.

During the discharge test I periodically measure the output voltage to confirm the quality of the voltage regulation and to see at which point the output drops below 12V.  You can see from the plot that the voltage is well regulated at 12.45 +/-0.1V all the way until the BMS cut off the output.

One thing that I noticed while discharging the Voyager 1000 was that the SOC meter on the unit appeared to read high.  Since I recorded the Voyager's SOC meter reading and the Wh and Ah during the discharge tests I could compare the SOC reading to the actual SOC knowing the actual capacity (916.7Wh) determined from the three full discharge tests.  What I found is that the SOC meter tracks to the manufacturer's specification of 999Wh within 5% or less.  However, since the actual capacity was 917Wh, the meter is reading ~10% higher than the actual remaining power between meter readings of 60% and 10% SOC.  For comparison, the SOC reading on my Jackery 1000 was within 3% of the actual SOC all the way to cutoff.

Another bench level test is to verify the maximum current that each of the DC output ports can support.  In this case the manufacturer specs 8A max but I was able to push the output to 10A without any apparent issues.  I do not suggest that you run your Voyager above the spec of 8A as I only do this test to ensure it will work at 8A without any problem.

​Once fully discharged the next bench test was to re-charge the unit with the included AC adapter.  Like the discharge test, this one was conducted 3X and the result was a very repeatable 7.7hrs (7.7, 7.7, 7.55)  to go from 0% SOC to 100% SOC.  One interesting thing to note during the re-charge cycle is the fact that the SOC meter on the front panel indicated 99% SOC at 6.5hrs but it still took 1.2 hours more to reach 100% SOC.  This was very repeatable as well.  Curious to know whether this was real, I charged the Voyager until the meter just reached 99% and then did a full discharge test.  This time, my load tester measured a total of 743Wh which is just 81% of the measured capacity.  This means that when the SOC meter just reaches 99% of capacity it still has another 173Wh to go before it is fully charged.  The numbers all add up since at ~1.2hrs  at 150W will pump an additional 180Wh of energy  into the power station to reach a full charge.  The moral of the story is, when charging let the BMS shut down the charging input to be certain a full charge is achieved.

While for astronomy applications in the field it is always better to use DC power directly rather than to use an AC inverter sometimes we just need AC power.  So, I measured the efficiency of the Voyager's AC inverter by using it to power a fan through a full discharge cycle.  I measured the AC power output using a KilaWatt meter.  After adjusting for the slight power consumption in the meter itself I found that this inverter is ~93% efficient in converting DC to AC which is excellent.

Solar Recharging
When we are out in the field we do not usually have AC power available and have to rely on solar panels to recharge our power supply.  As I mentioned in the introduction, EBL also supplied 2 of their 100W Apollo solar panels which I used to recharge the Voyager.  The dual charging inputs (8mm & Power Pole) makes it easy to use solar panels from any number of other vendors if you want.  With full sun in late summer I was able to fully recharge the Voyager in 9.5hrs which is longer than the 7hrs indicated on the EBL website.  This would indicate that I was not getting the full 150W of charging input power that I was getting from the AC charger.  Unlike AC charging, solar charging depends upon the amount of sunshine, angle of the sun relative to the panel and the temperature of the panel so one can expect a wide range of recharge times under different conditions and times of the year.  I fully expect that this time would come down if I had run the test during the summer when the sun was higher in the sky.

Backyard Observatory Testing
Before taking the Voyager into the field I used it over a period of 3 months to power my equipment in my home observatory.  This provides an opportunity to get used to its controls and operation and to find out if there are any glitches or incompatibility issues with my equipment.  At home I have a Celestron C11 Edge  mounted on a Software Bisque MX mount.  I use a DC-DC voltage converter to boost the voltage from 12V to the 48V that the MX requires.  For astro-imaging I use a ZWO ASI1600MC uncooled camera and a ZWO ASI224MC camera for guiding.  When needed I use a dew strap to keep dew from forming on the corrector plate.  I use a Celestron motorized focuser and a pair of fans from Deep Space products to help cool down the optical tube in the early evening.  A  Beelink Mini-PC runs all of the astronomy software to control all of the equipment and imaging runs.  I can connect to the Beelink wirelessly via a GL.iNET wireless router with a separate laptop from which I can control everything and keep track of progress.  Power is distributed to all of the equipment at the scope, but not the laptop, through a Pegasus Power Box Advanced power and USB hub.  Power is supplied to the Pegasus from the Voyager using its cigarette port.  Total power consumption varies from ~30 to ~50W.  I had no issues running this way for the 3 month duration of the testing.

Field Testing
The field test is my favorite part of the review which is where I get to take the unit out to a dark site during a star party to see how it performs in real world conditions.  In this case I took the EBL Voyager with me to the Nightfall star party in Borrego Springs, CA.  The Voyager supplied all of the power for my setup which consisted of the same equipment as at home, except that my Celestron C11 was mounted on a Software Bisque MyT mount instead of the MX.  Because of the desert climate I had no need for the dew heater.  In total, my power load, excluding the laptop which was powered separately, was ~38W.  Over 3 nights I powered all of this without recharging the Voyager for a total of 20.6hrs with enough power remaining that I could have powered this setup for a total of ~24hrs before needing to recharge.

Now, everyone has a different setup so how long can you expect the EBL to power your particular rig?  I have put together a chart which breaks down typical setups and an estimate of the accompanying power consumptions into three groups.  A low power setup would consume 30W or less and would include pretty much any scope and mount combination along with a Raspberry Pi, Mini-PC or Intel Nuc to run all of the software and hardware.  It would also include an uncooled camera along with a guide camera, a motorized focuser, cooling fans and maybe even a filter wheel.  It might also include a power distribution hub, powered USB hub or combination like my Pegasus Power Box.  With a setup like this one could expect the Voyager to supply enough energy to run for at least ~30hrs.  That could be enough for 2 or even 3 full nights without the need to recharge the Voyager.

For those who use a cooled camera and possibly a dew heater, the power consumption can rise to as much as 60W.  In this case, the total run time would be cut in half but still allow for a full night or 2 short nights of imaging.  For those who run their equipment with a 15.4" laptop instead of a lower power consuming mini-pc, etc., the power required jumps to between 90 and 120W depending upon the particular laptop model, how long the monitor is kept on and what other power conservation approaches are taken.  In the extreme case of 120W, one might expect to have enough energy to run for ~7hrs before needing to re-charge.

EBL Voyager 1000 Summary 
Overall I was very happy with the performance of the Voyager 1000 during my 3.5 months of testing.  The Voyager performed as expected providing consistent steady power for all of my equipment right down to BMS shutoff at 0% SOC.  For $499.99 including a $380 coupon on Amazon the Voyager is nearly half the cost per watt-hour as many of the other power solutions on the market.  That's just $0.50 per Wh of energy.  Between its performance and cost this all-in-one power station should provide stiff competition in this market. I will reiterate that from the outside the Voyager is well designed and well put together.  I will leave it to other reviewers to do a tear down review so that we can see if it is equally well made on the inside.  

What I like:
1.  Price.  With the current coupon on Amazon the Voyager 1000 sells for $499.99.  That's $0.50 per Watt-hour compared to $0.95 per Watt-hour for the Jackery 1000. 
2. Two 5.5mm x 2.1mm DC power ports consistent with the standard power ports on most astronomy equipment.
3. Compact, light weight design with rubberized bumpers on all four corners.
4. Sturdy folding handle which allows for better stacking for a trip.
5. QC 18W USB power ports for faster charging.
6. All ports and controls on the front for easy access.
7. MC4 to 8mm charging cable included.

What I dislike:
​1. 1 year warranty compared to 2 years for its competitors.
2. DC output is limited to 8A compared to 10A for its competitors.  However, for typical astronomy applications, 8A or ~100W is more than sufficient.
3.  EBL should specify the number of full discharge cycles expected.
4.  EBL needs to fix the SOC meter so that it more accurately reflects the SOC both during discharge and charge cycles.

Amazon links are Affiliate links from which I can earn commissions at no cost to you.  If you would like to support my web site and its content please consider using my links when ordering products.

The EBL Voyager 1000 and 330 Power Stations along with their Apollo 100W solar panels can be ordered from the Amazon links below or directly from EBL at
www.eblofficial.com/products/portable-power-station


You may also want to watch the video review of the EBL Voyager 1000 which I posted on my YouTube channel which can be found here www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZldEI-GMHU

Mini-pcs are becoming increasingly popular for both Electronically Assisted Astronomy (EAA) and astrophotography.  This is because a mini-pc allows one to connect remotely to the telescope, mount, camera, and other equipment with a laptop, tablet or phone without  being tethered by a USB cable.   Remote may mean inside one's house while the telescope is out in the back yard or inside a small tent or EzUp where you can stay comfortably warm and away from annoying bugs when observing away from home.   It may even mean sitting in your own house with your telescope set up at a distant remote observatory.  In my case, it means being inside my house when observing at home with my equipment setup in the backyard observatory or inside my RV when at a star party or other remote site.  Being untethered allows me to move freely from inside (house or RV) to the side of the telescope whenever I need to be close but then being able to return to the inside for most of the night.

Utilizing a mini-pc at the telescope will also reduce the power required to keep everything running through the night.  A mini-pc uses much less power than a typical laptop.   If you connect remotely to the mini-pc with a laptop you can still save power since you do not have to have the laptop on all the time since it is only being used as a monitor to check in on the mini-pc from time to time.  In fact, you can simply turn off the laptop once the mini-pc is up and running and leave it off until you are ready to shut down the session.  A tablet or phone can be used instead of the laptop to remote into the mini-pc which gives more options in terms of saving power since these use much less power than a laptop.

What is a Mini-PC?
A mini-pc is a headless computer which comes in a small form factor typically 5" - 6" on a side by about 2" - 3" thick or even smaller.  Headless means that it comes without a monitor, keyboard or mouse.  This cuts down on the size, cost and power consumption, all important for astronomy applications.  Since a mini-pc is a computer it will have a CPU, RAM, non-volatile memory, a GPU, USB and HDMI ports, a LAN port, WiFi, and Bluetooth capability.  It will also come with an installed operating system such as Windows 10 or 11.  The mini-pc can do anything a laptop can while running the applications needed for complete control of mounts, cameras, focusers, dew heaters, etc.  This includes running image capture software, guiding software, planetary software, plate solvers, planning software and imaging session automation and control software like NINA or SGP.  For instance, on my mini-pc I have The Sky X for mount/camera/focuser control and image capture, Sharpcap for EAA, Ph.D2 for guiding, All Sky Plate Solver and ASTAP for plate solving, Cartes du Ciel as my planetary software, and Sky Tools 3 Pro for planning.  I recently added NINA which will take responsibility for overall control and sequencing of my astro-imaging sessions which still uses TSX, Ph.D and ASTAP.

In general, a mini-pc is not expected to do the heavy lifting of post processing the photos captured during an astrophotography session, although it is expected to handle the live image stacking, dark frame subtraction and stretching typical in an EAA session.   Usually, the burden of post processing astro images is tasked to a separate, more powerful and more expensive laptop or desktop computer.  But, there is no reason it cannot be done on the mini-pc if configured to do so which requires a keyboard, mouse and monitor.  Even when post processing is left to a separate computer, it is imperative to have a keyboard, mouse and monitor to attach to the mini-pc for initial setup and for analysis in case something goes wrong.  In two years I have only had to pull out these once in the field and it turned out that the problem was operator error, not something wrong with the mini-pc or my WiFi router.  Still, having these as backup is essential in the rare case that something goes wrong.

​​Choosing a Mini-PC
When it comes to mini-pcs there are a seemingly endless number of options available which constantly change as new hardware components become available.  New mini-PCs can be found for under ​​​$200 on models with Celeron and Core i3 processers to over $1000 for models with high end processers, GPUs and lots of memory.  Keep in mind that even with the same models, prices fluctuate frequently both up and down.  The correct choice depends upon one's particular application, future plans and pocketbook.   

Typically, the trade off in performance  and price leads to mini-pcs used for astronomy costing somewhere between $200 to $500.  Beelink is probably one of the most popular mini-pc manufacturers in this price range.  Recently, inexpensive models from Mele Quieter have gotten a lot of notice on the Cloudy Nights forum as well.  Intel NUCs (Next Unit of Computing), designed and built by Intel, are also quite popular and include some of the high end mini-pcs as these   NUCs come in many configurations including kits which can be customized to the users requirements.  

When choosing a mini-pc the first feature to consider is the CPU.  At this point in time mini-pcs used for astronomy usually include a Celeron or Core i3 processer for the less expensive models or an i5 processer for the slightly more expensive models.  Many people report success in astrophotography and even EAA with mini-pcs using Celeron processors.  However, for high data rate applications as is the case with larger format cameras (20Mpixels or larger) or live stacking of very short exposures (less than 5 sec subs) with dark frame subtraction and flat frame calibration for EAA, the Celeron class of processor may not be up to the more challenging tasks.  In these situations an i5 processor would be a safer choice while the added cost of an i7 processer might be better applied to more RAM or a larger and faster SSD.  For planetary imaging requiring extremely high image capture rates one should consider at least an i5 and possibly an i7 processor with fast SSD storage.

​Celeron processors found in these mini-pcs include the Gemini Lake J4125 and the Jasper Lake N5095.  For Core i5 processers the Tiger Lake 113567 and Coffee Lake 8279U are typical.  In addition to processing speed and cost another attribute of CPUs to be considered is the Thermal Design Power (TDP) which is indicative of the maximum power that the CPU can generate.  The higher the TDP the more power one needs in the field to keep the mini-pc running all night long.  One of the desirable features of the mini-pc is its lower total power consumption compared to a laptop.  The accompanying table shows the tradeoff in CPU capability and TDP.

After the CPU the amount and type of RAM and mass storage is probably the next most important consideration.  8GB of RAM is sufficient for most situations and is fairly common in pre-configured mini-pcs, while 16GB can help when many applications are open at the same time.  As far as mass storage one should consider 128GB to be the minimum choice in which case you may have to constantly download image files to another storage device after an imaging session.  I opted for 256GB which allows much more margin, but even then I sometimes wish that I had paid the extra for 512GB.  The choice will depend on your imaging/EAA habit and how often you are willing to transfer images from your mini-pc to your processing pc. 

Mass storage on the mini-pcs often used for astronomy typically have one of three types of mass storage including M.2 SATA SSDs, M.2 NVE SSDs or eMMC.   The first two can be replaced while eMMC is soldered onto the motherboard and cannot be replaced.  NVE SSDs use the PCIe interface which is much faster than the SATA interface used by SATA or eMMC devices.    All will work but the M.2 NVE SSD is the better choice for high data rate applications.

Probably the next most important consideration in choosing a mini-pc is the number and type of USB ports because of the need to connect our many astro devices to the mini-pc.  Most mini-pcs in the price range being discussed usually provide  at least 4 USB ports in some combination of USB2.0 and USB3.0.  Some also provide a USB Type C port with even faster data transfer rates.  Don't forget to reserve one USB port for a WiFi dongle when using a wireless keypad and mouse.  On  other hand, if like me, you have a USB hub like the Pegasus Power Box which you use to connect your astro devices, you will only need to connect the hub to the mini-pc, preferably over a USB 3.2 port for fastest transfer rates.

Another choice is whether or not to choose a mini-pc with a fan or not.  Fans consume additional power.  And they can, in principle, cause vibrations although I have never witnessed any such problem with my mini-pc attached to the leg of my tripod.  On the other hand, fans will keep the CPU cool so that it can operate at its highest speed whereas air cooled mini-pcs can get hot causing the CPU to throttle back.  Beelink tends to incorporate fans into their models while MeLE Quieter does not.

Many folks agonize unnecessarily over the fact that some mini-pcs require 19V power input instead of 12V.  This is easily rectified with an inexpensive DC-DC boost converter which takes a 12V input and provides a steady state 19V output.  The boost converters are ~95% efficient while the AC transformer typically supplied with any mini-pc is likely ~80% efficient.  I find the easiest way to incorporate these into my setup is to attach Anderson Power Poles to the leads and use Anderson Power Pole to 5.5 x 2.1mm adapter cables to connect to my equipment.

All mini-pcs include an ethernet port for wired connection, WiFi and BT capability, along with one or more HDMI ports.  You will need one HDMI port to connect a monitor initially to set up the mini-pc and any time something goes wrong with your connection to the mini-pc and you need to trouble shoot the situation.  Mini-pcs come with Window 10 or Windows 11 software already installed.  Look for the Pro version which is required for some remote connection software like Team Viewer and Remote Desktop.

Mini-PC Models to Consider
Below are a number of different mini-pc models currently available.  Prices will vary and over time models will change, but this can be a good starting point.

Beelink has a large following in the astronomy community judging from posts on CN and is the brand I have used and been happy with for the past 2 years.  You can search through all their models on the Beelink Amazon store.  A few examples are worth considering.

The Beelink U59 Pro comes with a Celeron N5105 processor, 8GB of RAM, a 500GB M.2 SATA SSD, 4 x USB 3.0 and 1 x USB C ports, 2 LAN ports, 2 x HDMI ports, WiFi, BT, and Windows 11 Pro.  It has a cooling fan and operates on 12V and is currently on sale for $219.  You can add 8GB more RAM for another $25.

The Beelink SEi8 has an i5-8279U processor, 16GB of RAM, a 500GB M.2 NVME SSD, 4 x USB 3.0 and 1 x USB C ports, 1 LAN port,  2 x HDMI ports, WiFi, BT and Windows 11 Pro.  It also has a cooling fan and operates on 19V and also has an auto startup feature so that you can set it to automatically turn on at a set time each day.  This model is currently on sale for $397.  Compared to the model above you get a faster processor, twice the RAM and a faster SSD.

If you are looking for a fanless mini-pcs, the models from MeLE Quieter are becoming popular among amateur astronomers lately.  Here are two worth considering.

The MeLE Quieter 2Q uses the Celeron J4125 processor, 8GB of RAM, 128GB of eMMC storage, a Micro SD card slot of storage expansion, 4 x USB 3.0 ports, 1 LAN port,  2 x HDMI ports, WiFi, BT and Windows 11 Pro.  It does not have a cooling fan and can also be configured for auto startup.  This model is currently on sale now for $210.  Like most mini-pcs there are upgraded versions of this model with up to 512GB of eMMC storage for an additional $90.

The MeLE PCG35 has a Celeron N5105 CPU, 8GB of RAM, a 256GB NVMe M.2 SSD, a Micro SD card slot of storage expansion, 2 x USB 2.0 and 2 x USB 3.0 ports, 1 LAN port,  2 x HDMI ports, WiFi, BT and Windows 11 Pro.  It does not have a cooling fan and can also be configured for auto startup.  This model is currently available for $310. 
​
Both of these MeLE models require 12V input power.

Intel NUCs can be found at the Intel Store for as little as $200 to well over $1000.  An example is the Intel NUC 10i3FNHN which currently lists for $499 and includes an i3-10110U processor, 8GB of RAM, an 512GB of PCIe SSD, 3 x USB 3.2 ports, 1 Thunderbolt (Type C) port, 1 HDMI port, 1 LAN port, BT, WiFi, an SD card slot and Windows 10Pro.  It requires 19V for power.

Mini-PC Operation
Being small and light, a mini-pc can be mounted on top of the telescope which minimizes the length of cable runs between cameras, focusers, dew heaters, filter wheels, the mount and the pc.  Often the mini-pc can be found mounted to the leg of the tripod or at the base of the mount.  If the mini-pc has a cooling fan, this may be the best place to mount it to minimize the chance of vibrations in the optical system.  This is my typical configuration since I have a Software Bisque Mount with through the mount cabling.

In addition to the mini-pc some method to connect between a laptop/tablet/phone and the mini-pc is required.  This involves a remote desktop application like Team Viewer, VNC Connect, Remote Desktop or one of the many others which are free and easy to use.  These generally require that the mini-pc has the Pro version of Windows to work.

The second requirement for remote connection is the ability to make a WiFi connection.  At home this could simply be your home internet network assuming that you have a LAN line to connect to the mini-pc in the back yard.  I use a Cat5 cable I strung out to my backyard observatory 10 years ago to connect from my laptop anywhere inside the house to my mini-pc outside on my home network.  In the field or at home if you don't have a wired connection in the back yard, you will need to create your own WiFi network.   This is simple to do with an inexpensive portable router.  I have reviewed 2 such inexpensive routers from GL.iNet in an earlier blog which you can find here.   A video version of my review can also be found here.  I have been using the GL.iNet 750S Ext (Slate) for 2 years and could not be happier.  I can stay connected from inside my RV to my telescope up to 100 feet away.  At home I can use the Slate as a repeater and connect to my home internet without the need for a LAN cable connection.  GL.iNet has another model capable of higher data rates called the Beryl for just a few dollars more which is worth considering.  If you need help setting one of these up, I created a video showing how to do this step by step.

Summary
Having used my mini-pc for two years both at home and at many star parties I have been extremely happy that I finally made the move to untether myself.  With one exception (operator error) I have not lost any time due to problems connecting or using the mini-pc.  And, I have not noticed any problems when using it for astrophotography or EAA.  Hopefully I have given you a helpful overview of the considerations required to set up your own remote connection so that you can make the right choice for your situation.

The one possible downside of using a mini-pc is that it tends to keep me inside, even at star parties, instead of out under the night sky.  I have had to remind myself that one of the great things about being at a star party is to be able to look up and appreciate the wonder of the Milky Way with my naked eyes.  So, I make it a point to spend some time outside both viewing the night sky and talking with my fellow amateur astronomers instead of spending the entire night away from the action inside the RV.

Two years ago I decided that I was no longer willing to have my laptop tethered to my telescope with a long USB cable.  When I am in the field I normally site inside my EZUp tent with my laptop to stay warm and to limit the light infringement on my neighbors.  While this has worked well for many years, the cable presents a tripping hazard especially at star parties where other folks tend to stop by.  And now that I have an RV I want to sit inside and not worry about running a USB cable through an open window or door.  So, I looked into what is needed to go wireless and found that it was not at all difficult.  First, we need computing power at the mount to run all of the software  used to control the mount, camera, focuser, guider, dew heaters, etc.  Second, some sort of WiFi either built into the computer or through a small travel router is required to link the computer at the mount to the device inside.  Third, software designed to allow a laptop, tablet or phone to be connected to and control the computer at the mount is also needed.  Let's look at each of these in detail.

Off the Shelf Solutions
There are a number of different ready made solutions available from the astronomy industry.  On the high end there is TheSky Fusion (available from High Point Scientific or OPT) from Software Bisque.  At the heart of the Fusion is a 64bit Hex-Core CPU with 4GB of RAM which drives TheSky imaging addition software which is included with the Fusion.   A total of 190GB of on board memory is available to store images. It has an integrated WiFi with an external antenna to provide wireless connection to a pc, laptop, tablet or phone.   It also comes with an ethernet port in case of the need for a hard wire connection and it has internal GPS.  TheSky Fusion integrates USB hub capability with 4 USB3.0 ports and can operate as a power distribution hub with 8 configurable power ports capable of supplying up to 40A using Anderson Power Pole connectors for reliable connections.  At 4.2lbs the Fusion is designed to be mounted on top of the telescope to allow for simpler cable management.  With a price of $1895 TheSky Fusion is on the high end of off the shelf WiFi solutions but it is certainly packed with useful features combining the functions of a computer, WiFi, USB hub and power distribution all in one.

Another high end solution comes from Prima Luce Labs in their line of four different telescope control units ranging in price from $795 to $2195.  The least expensive model is the Eagle LE (available from High Point Scientific or OPT) while the most expensive model is the Eagle 4 Pro (available from High Point Scientific or OPT) The LE has an Intel Celeron Dual Core CPU with 4GB of RAM and 120GB SS memory while the Pro has a Quad Core I5 CPU with 16GB of RAM and 480GB of SS memory.  Both provide connectivity via WiFi with an external antenna and through an ethernet port.  Both models have ample USB ports and 7 power ports, 3 of which allow voltages to be configured from 0V up to 12V.  The Pro model includes a GPS.  Any software can be installed onto these units just like a normal pc and, like the Fusion, these units are designed to be installed on top of a telescope.  The Eagles use proprietary connectors on the 4 12V non-configurable power ports so one has to add the cost of these cables to the total cost of the unit.   Like TheSky Fusion Prima Luce Labs' models combine multiple capabilities into one device.

ZWO's ASIAIR Plus (available from High Point Scientific or OPT)is a much less expensive WiFi solution but with less computing power and fewer bells and whistles.  At the heart of the Plus is a Raspberry PI 4 processor with 32GB of internal storage and a slot for a MicroSD card.  It has an external WiFi antenna and an ethernet port.  Unlike the models from SB and Prima Luce Labs, the ASIAIR will only work with ZWO cameras, focusers and filter wheels but it will work with a large variety of mounts.  Like the SB and PL units it also acts as a USB hub with 4 USB ports and a power distribution hub with 4 12V power ports capable of a total of 5A.  The ASIAIR is also designed to be mounted on top of a telescope but has a much smaller footprint than the SB and PL units and weighs less than 0.5lbs.  At a price tag of $299 the ASIR Plus is a slimmed down version both in size and capability of the more expensive SB and PL models.

The Stellarmate Plus is the least expensive ready made WiFi solution at $229.  Like the ASIAIR it uses a Raspberry PI 4 processor, has 2GB of RAM and includes a 32GB MicroSD card for storage.  In addition to the WiFi the Stellarmate also has an ethernet port but no external WiFi antenna.  It has 4 USB ports but no external power ports.  Like the ASIAIR the Stellarmate is compact and light weight.  Unlike the ASIAIR, Stellarmate works with a wide variety of astronomy equipment.  It includes a copy of EKOS Astrophotography software and is compatible with a variety of other software applications.  
​

​Build Your Own Solution
While the above ready made wireless solutions will work, each has its cons.  The high end models are expensive and better CPUs,  and more RAM and memory can be found for less money.  The lower cost models only come with a Raspberry PI processor, which works, but is limited in ultimate capability and they have very little RAM and memory.  With just a little bit of effort, and not much more cost, if at all, compared to the ASIAIR and Stellarmate options, one can put together a better custom tailored solution on their own.  I chose to build my own solution with the features and capabilities that I wanted.

A custom WiFi solution requires three components.  The first is a CPU at the mount to run all of the software used to control the mount, camera, focuser, guider, dew heaters, etc.  This could be an inexpensive laptop, a headless Intel NUC or mini-pc, or a home brew Raspberry PI.   I decided that the best solution for me was a headless mini-pc because it offered the best price to feature ratio.  I bought a Beelink U57 mini pc with an Intel Core I5 processer, 8GB RAM and a 256GB solid state drive for under $360.  And considering that I use a Pegasus Power Box Advanced which cost $330 I have all of the features that TheSky Fusion offers that I need for less than half the price.  The mini pc comes with Windows 10 Pro installed so that I can run any of the typical software that I use such as The SkyX for mount/camera/focuser/guider control and image capture.  I can also use SharpCap if I want to do electronically assisted astronomy (EAA), PhD for guiding, Nina or Sequence Generator Pro for image sequencing, etc.  I am also not constrained to work with any one manufacturer's equipment as a mini pc works with any mount, camera and accessory that is ASCOM compatible.  While my model is no longer available, you can find something similar for just $249 or choose from a wide variety of mini-pcs from Beelink with different processors, RAM, memory, USB ports, etc.  While my mini-pc uses 12V, most mini-pcs or Intel NUCs require 19V which can easily be supplied using a 12V battery and a 12V to 19V DC-DC voltage converter like this one.

The second component is WiFi.  I found two inexpensive portable wireless routers from GL.iNet that I bought and tested, the GL-MT300N (Mango) and the GL-AR750S (Slate) models.   The 750S provided greater range due to its pair of fold up antennas and also offered 5GHz capability which helps to mitigate potential interference on the 2.4GHz band from nearby equipment.  I am able to set up inside my RV up to 100 feet away from the mini-pc and maintain a good connection all night long with the Slate.  I can also set up just inside my house and stay connected to the mini-pc inside my backyard observatory when at home.  You can read my review of the Slate and its smaller Mango alternative in my Feb '21 Blog or view my video review of these two on YouTube.  There is a newer model with fold up antennas, the GL-MT1300 (Beryl), which offers twice the data rate of the Slate.

The last component to make this all work is a way to make the remote connection from the laptop (or tablet or phone) to the mini-pc to use the laptop as a terminal to view and control the software on the mini-pc.  There are many free remote connection options and I tried two of them, Remote Desktop and Team Viewer.  I chose Team Viewer but any of the many options will work fine.  The choice seems to come down to personal preference.  Also, you will most likely need to have the Pro Version of Windows software installed in order to use the remote connection software, but most of the mini-pcs seem to come with that.​

LiFePO4 batteries are becoming more and more common for use in powering astronomy equipment either in the field at a dark site where no power is available or in a remote observatory with only solar power.  There are many very good LiFePO4 batteries on the market and I have reviewed two of them on this Blog page previously:  Battleborn's 100Ah and Bioenno Power's 50Ah batteries.  While both of these are very good options, they are on the expensive side, costing ~$8.7 and ~$10.8 per Ah, respectively.  So I
searched for another option with a much better price point and found Ampere Time's 100Ah LiFePO4 battery which sells for ~$4 to $4.7 per Ah.  Ampere Time also makes 200Ah, 300Ah batteries for even less per Ah and a smaller 50Ah for ~$5.8 per Ah.  With a cost of half the other two batteries and many excellent on line reviews the Ampere Time battery caught my attention.  So I contacted them and they agreed to send one of their 100Ah batteries to me to test.

Basic Features
The Ampere Time 100Ah battery weighs only 22.25lbs which is nearly 1/3 the total weight of a 100Ah lead acid battery making it much easier to carry back and forth out into the field or even just the back yard, especially with the included strap.  The 100Ah battery is 13" long x 6.82" deep x 8.48" tall which is similar in size to any other 100Ah battery.  The battery is expected to have a 10 year life and provide 4000 or more full discharge cycles.  It also comes with a 5 year warranty and Ampere Time claims they will respond to questions and service requests within 24hrs although I have not verified this myself.  The battery includes the best documentation for operation and care of any of the three batteries I have tested.

Since this is a Li battery it comes with a Battery Management System (BMS) which is internal to the battery case itself.  The BMS works in the background to monitor the individual lithium cells and make sure that the battery is operated in a safe mode at all times.  It provides protection from short circuits, over current, over charging and over discharging.  The later means that one can safely fully discharge the battery at which point the BMS will shut down the output.  While considered "fully discharged" there is still sufficient voltage on the internal cells to avoid damage and maintain the projected useable life of 4000 or more such full discharges.  Operating temperatures are -4 deg F to 140 deg F (-20C to 60C ) for discharging and 32 deg F to 122 deg F (0C to 50C) for charging, which is typical of most LiFePO4 batteries on the market. It should be noted that unlike the other LiFePO4 batteries I reviewed, this Ampere Time battery does not have a low temperature sensor to automatically prevent charging or discharging below the lower temperature limit.  This means that the BMS cannot protect the internal cells from damage if one attempts to charge the battery below 32 deg F or discharge it below -4 deg F.  However, for astronomy applications I think it is very doubtful that we would be in a situation where we would attempt to recharge the battery when the temperature is below 32 deg F and most do not work in temperatures below -4 deg either.  While an unlikely scenario, if one has the need to recharge below freezing Ampere Time makes a battery with an internal self heater that allows charging down to -4deg F.

Inside the Battery
Besides the low cost of this battery the other reason I decided to review it was the tear down video on Ampere Time's 50Ah battery by Will Prowse which shows the internal components (Li cells, BMS, Wire Gauge, etc.) and build quality to be quite good.  I recommend anyone interested in an Ampere Time battery to take a look at that video.  The tear down also shows that Ampere Time uses prismatic cells instead of the cylindrical cells used by Battleborn and Bioenno Power.  Because prismatic cells are larger and have greater capacity than cylindrical cells only 4 cells are needed to achieve the 100Ah capacity compared to the 120 cylindrical cells found in the 100Ah Battleborn battery.  The four prismatic cells are arranged in series with each cell having a nominal voltage of 3.2V and a capacity of 100Ah.  In this configuration a nominal voltage of 12.8V is obtained.  While less cells has its obvious advantages, damage to a single cell will result in a drop in the voltage making the battery no longer useable.  In contrast, damage to a few cylindrical cells in the Battleborn battery may hardly be noticed by the user.

Capacity and Discharge Voltage Tests
The first test of any battery that I review is a full discharge capacity test.  Since these types of batteries are shipped with less than a full charge the battery must first be charged to full capacity.  I used a 10A AC charger from Bioenno Power designed for lithium batteries to fully charge the battery.  Next, I used a battery capacity tester from MakerHawk to measure the actual full discharge capacity of the battery to compare to its manufacturer's spec.  I used a discharge current of 5A which is equivalent to ~65W since most typical astronomy setups will use less than this and the ones which use more will not be much more.  Once fully discharged I repeated the process to check for consistency.  The results were 102.8Ah for the first discharge and 103.1Ah for the second discharge.  These are equivalent to 1307Wh and 1314Wh, respectively.  So the results from both tests are consistent and show that the battery exceeds its specification of 100Ah by ~3%.

Now, while the full capacity is important, the voltage drop off versus capacity is even more important since some equipment will not work properly if the voltage drops too much below 12V.   So I captured the voltage versus capacity data during the discharge tests and this data is shown in the graph above.  The average of both tests showed that the battery maintained its voltage above 12.0V for 98.5Ah or 1262Wh which is excellent compared to other batteries I tested or am aware of.  By comparison the voltage of a typical lead acid battery drops below 12.0V at ~44% SOC.  This means that you will get twice the capacity of a typical lead acid battery with this Ampere Time battery without risking damage to the battery.

Re-Charge Tests
There are multiple ways to recharge a battery and I tested the two most common.  First, using the above mentioned 10A AC charger I was able to fully recharge a depleted battery in 10.5 hours.  This matches very well the measured capacity of 103Ah and the fact that the charger is supplying 10A.   Now there are higher capacity AC chargers like the 20A charger from Ampere Time or the much cheaper 20A charger from Expert Power which will charge the battery in half that time if desired.

Out in the field we usually do not have access to AC power so we cannot use the AC charger to recharge the battery.  In that case, the battery can easily be recharged with one or more solar panels and a solar charge controller.  I used a pair of 100W solar panels from Jackery connected to the battery through a 20A solar charge controller from Bioenno Power.  It is important to make sure that the solar charge controller is programed for a Li battery with the correct charge profile and voltages.  With this setup, I was able to fully recharge the fully discharged battery in less than 11 hours on a sunny day.  The two 100W panels supplied 11A during the bulk of that time while the sun was high in the sky.  The charging current obviously falls off quickly as the sun gets lower in the sky.  Now, one will not always have 11 hours of sunlight available but the battery reached 84% of full charge in just 8 hours.  Also, It is likely not necessary to fully recharge a 100Ah battery during the day since typical astronomy power draws are 60W or less which would only use half the battery capacity over a 10 hour long night.  So using a strategy of topping off the battery during the day one could run indefinitely so long as the days are sunny.

Typical Astronomy Use Tests
Before taking the battery out to a dark site I first set it up to power my astrophotography/EAA setup at my home observatory over a period of a month.  My home setup includes a Celestron 11" Edge SCT, a Software Bisque MX mount, an ASI1600MC uncooled imaging camera, an ASI224MC guide camera, a Celestron Motorized focuser, a Pegasus Pocket PowerBox Advanced Power/USB Hub, a Beelink Mini-PC, a GL-iNET GL-AR750S-EXT wireless router and a Dell 15.4" laptop.  Power was supplied directly to the Pegasus which then powered the MX and the Beelink.  The cameras and focuser drew power from the MX while the router drew power from the Beelink.  I connect from the laptop to the mini-pc through the wireless router from inside my house where I was able to power the laptop separately with house AC.  

​Since the Ampere Time battery does not come with cables I needed to make my own to connect from the battery terminals to the Pegasus.   I made a pair of 12 gauge cables with lug nuts on one end to connect to the battery and Anderson Power Pole connectors on the other end.  Since the Pegasus uses the standard 5.5mm x 2.1mm connectors I made a cable with 5.5mm x 2.1mm connectors on one end to Anderson Power Pole connectors on the other end to connect the battery to the Pegasus.  I prefer the Anderson Power Pole connectors wherever I can use them as they make a solid connection which is not easily dislodged in the dark.  I prefer the genuine Anderson Power Poles compared the slightly less expensive imitations made in China.  If you make your own you will need a crimping tool and the proper gauge wire for your current.  This silicone wire will remain flexible in cold weather.  If you do not want to make your own cables you can always buy one like this.

Running in my home observatory I encountered no issues with the Ampere Time battery.  All told, the load on the Ampere Time battery was ~30W so I was able to run many nights before I needed to recharge the battery.   
 
The final test was a field test at a dark site over multiple nights of astrophotography.  For this setup I had all of the equipment mentioned above ( Celestron 11" Edge, ASI1600MC uncooled camera, Celestron motorized focuser, Pegasus Power Box Advanced, Beelink Mini-PC, GL-iNET GL-AR750S-EXT wireless router) but this time mounted on my travel mount, a Software Bisque MyT mount.  Also, because I was using Hyperstar no guide camera was needed.  But, because of significant dew I has to turn on the dew heater.  In this configuration the power load was 52 watts over each of 3 nights.    I did not recharge during the day and used a  total of 60Ah (784Wh) in 15 hours over the 3 nights leaving me with 40Ah capacity remaining in the battery.  That means that I could have run for another 10 hours for a total of 25 hours at my consumption rate before needing to recharge the battery.

Now everyone has a different setup and a different power consumption.  For instance, a cooled camera can add another 10 to 20W of power required depending upon the depth of cooling bringing the total power needed to 62W to 72W.  That would still have allowed over 17 hours of run time before a recharge would be necessary.  Also, if using a laptop directly connected to the setup instead of a mini-pc the power load could be as high as 100W.  Even then, the Ampere Time 100Ah battery could supply all the power needed for a full 10 hours which would likely necessitate recharging during the day to enable multiple nights in the field.  Regardless of your power requirements, the Ampere Time battery seems to be up to the challenge.

Final Impressions
Overall I found that the Ampere Time 100Ah battery delivered the full capacity promised, is very light weight especially compared to a 100Ah lead acid battery and was straight forward to use and re-charge.  Obviously I cannot comment on the long term reliability of this battery or any other manufacturer's battery  through the simple tests I have available and testing only one battery.  But I have no reason after having used it and checking out other reviews to expect it to be problematic.  After my tests I even recommended this battery to my friend to replace the AGM batteries in his RV who purchased 3 of these and already installed them and tested them out when he joined me on my field tests.

What I like about the Ampere Time 100Ah battery:
1.  It is one of lowest cost LiFePO4 batteries on the market with an excellent reputation.
2.  At 103Ah capacity it exceeded its 100Ah specification.
3.  It comes with the best care, use and charging instructions of any battery I have tested.
4.  They claim 24hr response from their technical support team.
5.  It comes with a convenient carry strap.

What I do not like:
1. No US based support hot line.  Support is obtained either on line or by calling their number in Hong Kong.

So, if you are looking for one of the least expensive of the LiFePO4 batteries on the market, you should seriously consider Ampere Time.  I was not paid by Ampere Time for this review nor did they have any input to it but they did send the battery at my request and at no charge to me.

Get 3% off an Ampere Time battery with Coupon Code  CURTISM  for a limited time when you purchase a battery and/or charger directly from Ampere Time's web site www.amperetime.com/?ref=VlYrkkdj

Check out my video review of the Ampere Time battery on my YouTube Channel.

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I was looking for something to consolidate and manage the power to all of my different pieces of equipment when I came across the Pegasus brand of power distribution hubs.  Pegasus Astro makes a number of different astronomy tools including three different power distribution hubs, the Pocket Powerbox Micro ($228), Pocket Powerbox Advanced ($329) and the Ultimate Powerbox Ver2 ($620).  I quickly zeroed in on the Pegasus Power Box Advanced (PPBA) which also serves as a USB hub as well and made my purchase.  After using it both at my home observatory and on numerous trips to the field I can provide a comprehensive review for anyone interested in one of these.

Basic Hardware Features of the PPBA
The electronics for the PPBA are contained in a sturdy but light Al enclosure measuring just under 4" x 3" x 1" weighing just under 11 ounces.  My version (Gen 1) of the PPBA can support up to 10A of current at 12V for all outputs combined while the latest version (Gen 2) has increased the maximum to 12A.  The PPBA has 4 dc power ports utilizing 5.5 x 2.1mm connectors which are typical for astro equipment.  The 4 dc channels can be switched on/off in software but not, unfortunately, independently.  For astro equipment which need voltages other than 12V, there is a 3A dc output with adjustable voltages of 3, 5, 8, 9 or 12V.  No single dc output can supply more than 10A for Gen 1 and 12A for Gen 2.  Output voltage is unregulated between 12.0 and 13.8V.

The PPBA include two pulse width modulation (PWM) channels to power a pair of DEW heaters using RCA jack.  The output level can be set independently for each channel in software manually or controlled automatically with the external temperature and humidity sensor.  Maximum current is 5A per channel.  Again, please note that the total current capability of all outputs combined is no more than 10A (12A for Gen 2).  I should also note that the length of the cable on the sensor is only 1ft but it seems possible to add an RJ12 extension cable to set up the sensor at the telescope if desired.

Software Features of the PPBA
One very nice feature of the PPBA is that it can be used as a standalone power and USB hub without the need to be connected to a computer.  Just plug power into the power input jack, connect the dc outputs to your astro devices along with up to two dew heaters and any USB devices and it will supply power to everything.  You have the option to set which ports are powered at startup: 1) All On; 2) Only 4 x 12V On; 3) Only Adj Voltage port On; 4) All ports Off. 

I prefer to use the included software to manage and control the PPBA from my laptop.  A separate USB3.0 port is used to connect the PPBA to a pc.  The software app is very simple to use and has multiple tabs at the top to switch pages including Control, Env, Power, Focus, Config and Info.  The software is fully upgradeable as well.  Above the page tabs is a Connect switch which connects the software to the hardware module.  There is a button to make sure that the PPBA application is always on top of the other software open, one for a Ghost window, another to export data collected from the onboard meters and sensors, one for a 2nd version of the app and another to check for software updates.

The main Control page on the application provides the ability to turn on/off power to the 4 12V dc outputs (again, not independently), turn on/off power and set the voltage to the variable voltage output and turn on/off the dew heaters and set their power level manually or set them to auto control using the temperature/humidity sensor.  A feature I really like about the PPBA is the internal power, current and voltage meters along with the external temperature and humidity sensor.  The input voltage and the output current along with the temperature, humidity and dew point are shown on the control page.  You can even export these data to be saved and reviewed later.  Export is both to a CSV file and a png file for each metric.

​The Env page page logs the temperature, humidity and dew point versus time while the Power page logs the input voltage and output current versus time.  Real time plots are shown for each measurement.  Unfortunately the graphs are very small and there is no apparent way to enlarge them. 

​A Focus page to connect and control your Pegasus or Ascom compatible focuser if you should want to.  The Config page provides some setup options, a place to set the Auto-Dew control aggressiveness and the ability to set the startup power settings mentioned previously.

I have come to appreciate the data in the Info page which shows the average current used, total Ah and total Wh consumed as well as the total run time.  I have used these to measure the total power consumption of my astro setup, as well as, the individual power consumption of each separate device.  This information has allowed me to determine what size power supply I need and how long I can run everything when I go out into the field.

Summary and Overall Conclusions
Having used the PPBA for nearly two years both at home and out in the field the best summary I can give is that it just works.  The build quality is excellent with the enclosure strong enough to stand up to normal wear and tear without any damage.  Its compact size makes it easy to pack for trips to dark sites and easy to mount in any number of locations either on the OTA or the tripod as desired.  I have not noticed any looseness in the connection ports and the cables fit tightly into their connections preventing an inadvertent loss of power to a device.

My one minor complaint is that the software application window is rather small and I have not found any way to enlarge it.  It is just barely big enough for me to be able to read all of the numbers displayed on the various pages.  But it would be nice to be able to stretch the app.

I think the $329 for both a power and USB hub is reasonable.  If one only needs the power hub they can save $100 with the micro version and if one needs more total power up to 20A, another dew port which can also be used to power a focus motor or flat box and/or more USB ports the Ultimate is the way to go.

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Why SCTs
In this installment of my "EAA for Beginners series" we will discuss the use of a Schmidt Cassegrain Telescope (SCT) for EAA on an Alt-Az mount.  SCTs seem to be a popular choices for EAA for good reasons.  First, large apertures up to 14" are possible with an SCT because the cost per inch of aperture is so much less than that of a refractor.  Second, because the SCT design uses folded optics, SCTs are more compact than the same size aperture Newtonian.   With its smaller moment of inertia for the same weight Newtonian, an SCT places less demands on the mount for smooth tracking and is guides better in the wind.  But the versatility in focal ratio (or focal length) may be the biggest reason SCTs are popular for EAA.  An SCT is natively f/10 but can easily be reduced to f/6.3 for an non-Edge model or f/7 for an Edge model with the addition of a focal reducer.  And, with hyperstar capable models, focal ratios of f/1.9 to f/2.2 are achievable depending upon the model SCT.   As I discussed in detail in an earlier installment of this series, the lower focal ratio results in a faster optical system so that much shorter exposures are needed providing spectacular images in real time and less demands on telescope tracking.  This versatility is like having 3 different telescopes in one with just the added cost of the focal reducer and hyperstar.

Any size SCT which can be found in sizes from 5" to 16" primarily from Celestron and Meade will work for EAA .  I have used 6", 9.25", 11" and 14" SCTs myself for EAA with great success and you can find some real time images in the "My Images" section of this web site.  The tradeoffs with a larger size scope is cost and the need for a larger and more expensive mount.  That is why some consider an 8" SCT as a ideal size scope in terms of aperture vs size and weight.

Alt-Az Mounts
Just as SCTs are very popular for EAA, Alt-Az mounts are also popular.  Alt-Az (Altitude-Azimuth) mounts do not track the rotation of the earth like Equatorial (EQ) mounts do.  EQ mounts have two axes of rotation called Right Ascension (RA) and Declination (Dec).  EQ mounts must be polar aligned so that the RA axis, also called the Polar Axis, follows the earth's axis of rotation.  This is done with a procedure called Polar Alignment (PA) in which the elevation of the mount is set to the local latitude while the Polar Axis is carefully aligned with the north celestial pole.   By doing this the mount rotates about its RA axis so that it matches the earth rotation to keep objects centered in the field of view (FOV).  This allows for long exposures of up to many minutes determined by the quality of the mount and the precision of the PA.

While an Alt-Az mount also has two axes of rotation and motors on each axis to find and track objects in the night sky, it cannot exactly match the earths rotation.  The Azimuth axis is defined by the local horizon and the Altitude simply by the height of an object in the sky.  There is no latitude adjustment knob to account for the tilt of the earth's axis.  Only at the north and south poles will the Azimuth axis of an Alt-Az mount be pointed at the celestial pole and the mount be able to track the earth's rotation.  Everywhere else on the surface of the earth, an Alt-Az mount can keep a star centered in the field of view, but it cannot prevent the surrounding stars in the FOV from appearing to rotate around the central star.  This field rotation can cause objectionable elongation in the appearance of stars in images depending upon how long of an image exposure and where in the sky the object is located.  The typical rule of thumb is that exposures must be limited to less than 30seconds unless the object being viewed is nearly due east or due west to avoid star trailing or elongation.  The actual details are much more complicated and can be found on this web site here.  Despite this, Alt-Az mounts work very well for EAA since the trend in recent years has been to take short exposures, much less than 30seconds, and use software like SharpCap to stack successive image frames in real time to give images with an effective exposure of minutes of longer without star trailing.

Despite its limitation in following the earths rotation, Alt-Az mounts have several advantages for EAA compared to EQ mounts.  First, Alt-Az mounts are less expensive than their EQ counterparts.  Also, Alt-Az mounts are typically lighter than EQ mounts for the same load capacity which makes them easier to transport, whether from inside the house to the back yard or to a distant dark site.  Finally, since an Alt-Az mount cannot be Polar Aligned, it is much easier and faster to set up a telescope on an Alt-Az mount and get started viewing objects in the night sky.

Alt-Az SCTs
The combination of SCTs on Alt-Az mounts are now very popular for EAA and come in a number of different sizes and configurations.  These are some of the least expensive telescope setups for SCTs.  You can get a Celestron Nexstar 5SE SCT (available from High Point Scientific, OPT or Amazon) on an Alt-Az mount for $936, while the Celestron Nexstar 6SE (High Point Scientific or OPT or Amazon) is only slightly ore expensive at $1099 and the Nexstar 8SE (High Point Scientific or OPT or Amazon) is $1600 as of this writing.  Celestron also offers a better mount in its Nexstar Evolution series (High Point Scientific, OPT) which is available with a 6" SCT for $1679, an 8" SCT for $2199 and a 9.25" SCT for $2849.  The Evolution mount offers integrated WiFi so that the scope can be controlled wirelessly from a phone or tablet, it includes an internal rechargeable Li battery which should last all night long, has improved gears for better tracking and other improvements like manual clutches, etc.  

The larger the aperture the greater the magnification of the image, but also the more the telescope weighs.  The field of view (FOV) of a 6" SCT is 2.46X larger than the FOV of a 9.25" SCT at the same f-ratio so more of very large objects like M33 can be viewed in the smaller SCT, but more detail will be seen in smaller objects like M82 with the 9.25" SCT.  The weight difference between an 6" SCT and an 8" SCT is small with the former weighing just 10lbs and the later 12.5lbs.  But, at 20lbs the 9.25" SCT weighs twice that of the 6".  On the other hand the Evolution mount/tripod weights only 33% more at 28lbs compared to the SE mount/tripod  at 21lbs.  

The SCTs discussed above are Celestron's standard optical tubes.  They also make their Edge series of optical tubes (High Point Scientific, OPT) which have additional optical elements in the baffle tube which is designed to give a flatter FOV so that stars are more pin point from center to edge.  These are offered in 8" and larger OTAs and come at a premium price with the 8" Edge OTA costing ~$300 more than the non-Edge version and the 9.25" version costing ~$1500 more.  If you objective is to also do traditional astrophotography you should seriously consider an Edge version OTA.  On the other hand, if you only plan to do EAA the added expense of an Edge OTA is not so clearly justified.

Celestron does not offer an SE or Evolution mount with an optical tube larger than 9.25" because the weight of the larger OTAs is too great for these single arm mounts. If you want a larger OTA on an Alt-Az mount you must choose a dual arm fork mount like Celestron's CPC series (High Point Scientific, OPT)  with 8" to 11" OTAs.  With dual arms these telescopes come with built in GPS, improved drive gears, a heavy duty mount, an auto-guider port, clutches and Periodic Error Correction (PEC) capability.  The dual fork telescopes come at much higher cost with the CPC8 at $2600 compared to $2199 for the 8" Evolution.  But an even bigger difference is found in the weights, exacerbated by the fact that the OTA is permanently attached to the mount in this design.  The CPC8 mount/OTA is 42lbs while the tripod is 19lbs.  This compares to 12.5lbs for the 8" OTA and 28lbs for the Evolution mount which makes the SE and Evolution designs much easier to transport and set up compared to the CPC design.

Meade does not offer single fork SCTs but they do offer dual fork versions.  They only offer these in their ACF (Advanced Coma Free) version of optical tube similar to the Celestron Edge.  The 8" ACF sells for $3000 and comes with built in GPS, and over-sized mirror, PEC, and more.  Meade offers versions all the way up to OTAs of 16".​

Focal Reduction with SCTs
As I mentioned in the beginning, the ability to use SCTs at multiple focal ratios is what makes them so versatile and ideal for EAA.  Natively SCTs are f/10 which results in very high magnification, especially with cameras using a small chip.  For instance, an 8" SCT at f/10 has a focal length of 2000mm.  When used with the low cost ASI224MC camera which has a chip diagonal of 6.1mm the magnification is approximately 2000/6.1 = 328.  Such high magnification not only means that only the smallest DSOs will fit in the field of view, but that it can be very hard and frustrating to locate the object to begin with.  In addition, the exposure times needed to see detail may need to be very long.  For these reasons, EAA is most commonly performed at focal ratios of f/2 to f/7 to obtain a combination of wide field and fast optics.

Focal reduction is fairly straightforward requiring that a focal reducer be placed between the telescope and the camera.  To obtain the specified focal reduction ratio the camera must be placed at the correct distance from the back of the focal reducer according to the manufacturer's specification, usually within a couple of millimeters.  If the camera is too close, the focal reduction will be less and if it is too far, the focal reduction will be more.  Also, if the spacing is off by too much it may result in vignetting and other types of image distortions.  Adapters are available to achieve the correct spacing and spacers in various sizes can be used to fine tune the spacing.  For instance, Celestron has a series of T Adapters designed for each of their different OTAs including Edge and non-Edge designs.

​There are many focal reducers on the market but not all are designed to work with SCTs.  Celestron offers a 0.63X focal reducer (High Point Scientific, OPT or Amazon) for their standard OTAs and a 0.7X reducer for the Edge OTAs (High Point Scientific , OPT) to reduce the focal ratio down to f/6.3 and f/7 respectively.  You can also get the Starizona Night Owl reducer for 0.4X reduction (OPT) or the Optec 0.33X focal reducer (High Point Scientific, OPT) to produce an even lower focal ratio of f/3.3.  All of these are both focal reducers and field flatteners which improves the sharpness of the stars from the center to the edge of the FOV.

Since EAA is not meant to produce the high quality images sought by astrophotographers, one can even use a generic 0.5X focal reducer (High Point Scientific, OPT, or Amazon) to get down to a focal ratio of f/5.  These come in both 1.25" and 2" versions and are much cheaper than the focal reducers from Celestron, Starizona and Optec.  If one is not terribly concerned about vignetting it is also possible to stack focal reducers to achieve an additional focal reduction such as stacking two 0.63X reducers to get a focal ratio of ~f/4.

HyperStar
While the HyperStar adapter(High Point Scientific, OPT)  is a field flattener and not actually a focal reducer, it does enable the Celestron SCT focal ratio to be reduced from f/10 to ~f/2.  The Hyperstar is a compound set of lenses which replaces the secondary mirror on the front of the OTA.  Just unscrew and remove the secondary mirror and screw the HyperStar in its place.  The camera is then screwed into the back of the HyperStar adapter so it is looking directly at the primary mirror which has a focal ratio of between f/1.9 to f/2.2 depending upon the aperture of the OTA.  Camera cables such as the USB cable for camera control and image capture along with a power cable if camera cooling is used are routed from the front of the OTA to the back.  They typically do not cause much interference in the image.

Many older model OTAs are not compatible with the HyperStar attachment so check before you buy.  Also, be careful not to overtighten the HyperStar onto the corrector plate as it can become frozen in place as it did on my C14 requiring removal of the corrector plate to get the HyperStar adapter off.

Hyperstar speeds up the optical system dramatically with required exposures reduced by the square of the ratio of the native and HyperStar focal ratios, or  (10/2)^2 = 25 times.  The effect is dramatic.  In addition the reduction in focal ratio greatly increases the FOV by a factor of 10/2 = 5 which makes HyperStar great for viewing very large DSOs like M33, the North American Nebula, etc.

Summary
EAA with an SCT on an Alt-Az mount is becoming increasingly more popular.  The relative low cost of such a setup puts it in the reach of many more people interested in astronomy.  Also, these setups tend to be fairly light in weight making them easy to move around without disassembling everything each time you want to have an observing session.  And, perhaps, most importantly, the versatility of an SCT on an Alt-Az mount is the biggest attraction.

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A good focus is critical to achieving the sharpest details in an image viewed through a telescope whether using an eyepiece for visual observation or a camera for EAA or astrophotography.  Because the human eye is capable of focusing over a wide range of distances it is not difficult to achieve a satisfactory focus for visual work simply by adjusting the focuser until the image looks sharpest through an eyepiece.  Our eyes can adjust to slight focus offsets or changes in focus with temperature without much difficulty.  But for astrophotography or EAA the Critical Focus Zone (CFZ), or distance over which focus is limited by seeing, tube currents, diffraction, can be a fraction of a mm and a camera cannot adjust for deviations from this like the human eye.  The CFZ is defined by equation below and depends upon the focal ratio of the telescope and the wavelength of light observed:

                                          CFZ  =  4.88 x (f-Ratio) ^2  x  L 

where the CFZ is given in microns and L is the wavelength of light in microns.  Since L doesn't change much over the range of wavelengths we observe (~0.4 to 0.6 microns) we can use the wavelength for green light, 0.5 microns.  For a telescope at f/10 we have:
                                          CFZ =  4.88 x (10)^2  x 0.5  =  244 microns

while for f/2 (for example using Hyperstar on a SCT) we have:

                                          CFZ =  4.88 x (2)^2  x 0.5  ~ 10 microns

As you can see, the CFZ is not only very small (244 microns = 0.244mm), it reduces dramatically with focal length because  the light cone becomes much steeper at shorter focal lengths thereby compressing the distance over which focus can be achieved.  You can see how challenging achieving a sharp focus can be at very short focal lengths.  This is why focusing aids are critically important for EAA and astrophotography.

Rough Focus
While focusing by eye is not sufficient for EAA it is at least good enough for an initial rough focus.  To make life easier in the dark it is a good idea to focus during the day time using a distant object like a power pole or tree.  This can save a lot of frustration later since one can be centered on a star but not even know it because the light from a badly out of focus star is spread out so much as to be nearly invisible.  If like me you do not have sufficient line of sight from your backyard to a distant object for focusing you can use the craters on the moon to obtain the sharpest possible image.  If the moon is not visible but Jupiter or Saturn are, another good method is to adjust the focuser until the planet's moons become visible.  But this method will have to wait until the sky is dark.  Likewise, rough focusing at night can be achieved by observing a star cluster and adjusting the focuser until the number of stars in is maximized. 

To simplify the process for future nights, make a note of the number of turns from full clockwise or full counter clockwise rotation of the focuser needed to achieve focus.  Do this for each optical configuration such as at each focal ratio for your telescope.  This way, you will only need to do this once and will be able to quickly achieve rough focus with your telescope in any optical configuration at night without wasting time or getting frustrated.

​Mechanical Focus Aids
To achieve the best possible focus, one or more focusing aids are necessary.  The most common and simplest is a focus mask.  Focus masks of one form or another have been around for quite some time.  In 2005 Pavel Bahtinov invented what has become the premier and most widely used focusing mask.  This mask consists of a set of three grids etched into a thin plastic sheet which, when placed in front of the entrance to the optical tube, creates a diffraction pattern from the light passing through it.  The diffraction pattern consists of an "X" with a vertical line passing through the "X".  Precise focus is achieved by adjusting the focuser until the vertical line bisects the "X".  The vertical line will move left or right of the center of the "X" as the focuser is moved in and out of focus.  A point source such as a star is required to create the diffraction pattern.  Use a bright star and/or an exposure of 1-2 seconds to obtain a bright and large diffraction pattern for greater sensitivity.  Also, use the camera's zoom feature to magnify the diffraction pattern to achieve the best sensitivity.

Bahtinov masks are readily available in sizes to fit most telescope apertures and even come with a center cut-out to accommodate the secondary mirror on an SCT.  Many make their own Bahtinov masks as I did meticulously cutting out the pattern in a piece of cardboard for my 14" SCT when I could not find a ready made one at that size.  A thin but rigid plastic sheet is a better choice, but my cardboard Bahtinov mask lasted many years until I sold the 14" SCT.

Most telescope focusers have a rough and fine focus knob to help achieve a sharp focus.  If the focuser that comes with your telescope does not have a fine focus it may not have sufficient sensitivity to achieve the desired sharp images and may need to be replaced with an after market focuser.  This is especially true for SCTs which do not have a fine focusing control.  There are a number of manual fine focus replacements from companies like Starlight Instruments which are made specifically for SCTs.  Also, JMI sells motorized focusers for SCTs which can be controlled by a hand control or via a computer.  Both Celestron and Meade provide motorized focusers with fine adjustment control which can help to achieve sharp focus.

​Automated Focusing
Since EAA entails the use of a camera and, most likely, software to operate the camera, automated focusing is an excellent way to go.  There are many different software available for automated focusing either as a stand along function or as a utility in a larger software suite.

FocusMax is a stand alone software which automatically adjusts the focuser on both sides of focus to obtain a V-Curve from two intersecting lines which define a precise focus where the lines intersect.  FocusMax uses the Half-Flux Diameter (HFD) to determine the best focus position.  The HFD is defined as the diameter of the circle containing half of the star light (flux), which is spread out due to the Gaussian nature of starlight caused by seeing.  The smaller the HFD the better the focus and the better the seeing.  Since FocusMax connects to and automatically adjusts the focuser, an electronic focuser which can be recognized and controlled by the software is required.  A manual focuser will not work in this case.

@Focus3 is an excellent focusing utility in The Sky X software.  Like FocusMax it requires an electronic focuser which is connected to The Sky X software and @Focus3.  It uses the Full Width at Half-Maximum to determine the best focus position.  Much like FocusMax, @Focus3 adjusts the focuser on both sides of focus to generate a curve of light intensity versus focuser position.  But instead of a V-Curve it produces a bell-shaped curve.  Measurement of the width of the curve at half the maximum height defines the FWHM which is then used to find the peak of the curve for the best focus point.

Many EAA'ers use SharpCap for real time viewing, live stacking and on the fly processing.  SharpCap offers 6 different focus utilities.   There are 3 different utilities for deep sky objects, two of which use the FWHM metric to define the best focus.  One uses measures the FWHM on a single star and the second obtains an average FWHM on multiple stars in the field of view.  The third deep sky focus utility requires a Bahtinov mask and determines the best focus at the point where all three lines created by the diffraction pattern intersect.  SharpCap generates a focus score for each focusing utility with the best score giving the best focus.  There are also 3 different focusing utilities optimized specifically for planetary viewing which derive scores using measurements of contrast or detail in the image to generate a focus score.  SharpCap's focusing utilities can be used with a manual focuser or with an electronic focuser controlled by SharpCap.  In either case, the observer adjusts the focuser either by hand or through the SharpCap software.  Unlike FocusMax and @Focus3, the process is not completely automated but still works quite well.

Thermal Effects
As the night air cools, the telescope tube will shrink causing the telescope to go out of focus over time.  This is especially true for an Al tube compared to a graphite tube.  For this reason it is important to refocus throughout the night.  One technique is just to refocus at a fixed time interval such as every 30 minutes which can be done manually or automatically if the right software is used.  A more sophisticated method is to use a temperature sensor connected to software to automatically refocus for every half a degree change.

Summary
Achieving the best possible focus need not be difficult nor expensive.  For those wanting simplicity a Bahtinov mask is the way to go.  For those wanting automation there are many electronic focusers with compatible software which can make the process practically invisible to the user.  Obtaining and maintaining a sharp focus throughout a viewing session will insure the best possible images and the most detail limited primarily by the seeing conditions.

I attended my first Nightfall Star Party this month which was held from Nov 4 - 7 at the Palm Canyon Hotel and RV Resort in Borrego Springs, CA.  This star party is hosted by the Riverside Astronomical Society (RAS) in conjunction with Woodland Hills Camera and Telescopes.  Nightfall has a long history as their first star party was held in 1993.  Nightfall is unique as it is held at a desert resort with full hookup RV sites and hotel rooms on site.  The official star party web site can be found here.


Location
Borrego Springs is small city in the southern CA desert which is easily accessible to all of San Diego, Los Angeles, Riverside and surrounding counties.  It is just 90 miles northeast of San Diego,  106 miles southeast of Riverside, CA, and 150 miles southeast of LA.   As expected, most attendees come from locations within a few hours drive but I did run into friends from Santa Cruz and came with a friend from the San Francisco Bay area which is 8.5 hours away. 

One attraction of Borrego Springs in November is the weather.  While other areas of the country are experiencing cold, cloudy nights with the possibility of rain and even snow, the weather there is warm and dry.   Daytime highs are typically in the low 80s but can reach into the low 90s.  Nighttime lows are expected in the low 50s.  For my visit, the daily highs were right around 90 which was hot if you were in direct sun, but with a slight breeze it was very pleasant in the shade.  Nights were generally warm and did not become cool until late allowing for a light jacket even into the early morning hours.  Past events had similar temperatures with only a few cloudy nights reported.

Another advantage of this star party location is the lower latitude compared to much of the country and the rest of the state of CA.  At 33.25deg latitude a few objects which are typically too low in the sky to be viewed or photographed may be just high enough here.

​Venue
The Palm Canyon Hotel and RV Resort has over 140 RV sites with full hookups on level ground and paved driveways. There are 60 hotel rooms spread across 5 buildings for those who prefer to stay in a nice hotel room with air conditioning, a TV and a refrigerator.  Some rooms even have balconies to enjoy in the evening.   Those without RVs can tent camp in the RV sites or can choose to rent one of the handful of vintage RVs on site.  A pair of bathhouses with showers and bathrooms along with a laundry and fitness center are all on site.  Telescopes are typically set up at the RV sites or in the designated blocked off parking lots.  

The hotel design is a western theme with conference rooms for talks and two pools each with a jacuzzi.  The Big Horn Grill is open from 11AM until 8PM and has a modest menu with mostly burgers, fries, shakes, and a few salads.  One can tire quickly of the menu but there are other restaurants not far off in town.  There is also a bar in the main building along with a small store in case you need nice or forgot your hat, like I did.

You can get a birds eye view of the site and the surrounding desert in this drone video on the star party Archives page.

Local Area
The center of town is 1.5 miles to the east of the resort.  It is an easy walk from the resort to a number of different shops.  There you can find banks, a hardware store, gas stations, food and various other stores.  Just a mile down the road is "The Mall" which hosts Carmelita's Mexican Grill (had a nice dinner there one night), Kendall's Cafe (ate breakfast there twice), a pizza place, Borrego Outfitters which has all sorts of camping equipment and a small grocery store.  Across the street is the larger Center Market where you can find most of the typical grocery items although neither grocery is a "super" market.  A bit further down is the center of town where the hardware store is located along with an art gallery and some additional restaurants.

There are a number of things to do in the area, most notably hiking at Anza Borrego State Park which is only a mile away.   There are a number of golf courses in the area to occupy your afternoon if you are so inclined, along with a few spas.   For unusual art work there is Galleta Meadows which has over 130 large scale free standing metal sculptures spread over 1500 acres of desert.  

For those who want to venture a little further away to a cooler climate, the town of Julian is just over 30 miles away at an altitude of 4200 feet in the Cuyamaca mountains.  Julian is an historic gold rush town and has a bunch of interesting shops and places to eat.

Summary
Overall this was a successful star party as my friend and I were both able to get lots of imaging data over all 4 nights that we were there.  Having the full hookup capability for my RV was a real treat.  My friend and his wife enjoyed their nicely equipped hotel room.  The ability to walk into town for breakfast and/or dinner, as well as, stopping by a few of the shops and the Central Market was a welcome opportunity to explore and get away during the day.

There were a few things that were disappointing.  As I mentioned before, the downright disregard for the white light rules by a few people was surprising and I hope not typical of this event.  It would be nice if the Big Horn Grill could add of few more items to their menu which would have led us to eat there more often.  The biggest disappointment, however, was the steaks at the Coyote Steakhouse down the road, especially given how pricey the place is.

If the event were closer to home I would surely attend every year just because it is so nice to have all the amenities in a place with reasonably dark skies.